Kaplan-Meier Reliability Estimator

Here’s an overview of a distribution-free approach commonly called the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) Product Limit Reliability Estimator.

There are no assumptions about underlying distributions. And, K-M works with datasets with or without censored data. We do need to know when failures or losses (items removed from the evaluation or test other than as a failure. Censored items).

 

K-M provides an estimate for the reliability function or CDF. K-M is a non-parametric method. It is conservative and not defined beyond the last point of data, failure or loss.

Calculation K-M estimates

Use the following steps to calculate K-M estimates:

1. Order the actual failure times from t₁ through t_r, where there are r failures.
2. With each t_i, pair with the number n_i, with n_i equal to the number of operating units just before the i-th failure occurred at time t_i.
3. Estimate R( t₁) by (n₁ – 1) / n₁
4. Estimate R(t_i) by R( t_{i – 1}) × (n_i – 1) / n_i
5. Estimate the CDF F(t_i) by 1 – R( t_i)

Note: For censored units only count them up to the last actual failure time before the were removed.

A Simple Example

Let’s say we have 20 units on test for 200 hours. 6 have failed at times 10, 32, 56, 98, 122, and 181 hours. Plus four units were removed for other experiments at 50, 100, 125, and 150 hours. The remaining 10 units ran until the test ended at 200 hours.

Step 1. Order the times to failure.

ti	Failure time
1	10
2	32
3	56
4	98
5	122
6	181

Step 2. Count surviving units just prior to failure at t_i

Remember to remove censored units (losses) at next failure time.

ti	Failure time	ni
1	10	20
2	32	19
3	56	17
4	98	16
5	122	14
6	181	11

Step 3. Estimate R(t₁)

$$ \large\displaystyle R\left( {{t}_{1}} \right)=\frac{{{n}_{1}}-1}{{{n}_{1}}}=\frac{19}{20}=0.95$$

Step 4. Estimate each R(t_i)

Where

$$ \large\displaystyle R\left( {{t}_{i}} \right)=R\left( {{t}_{i-1}} \right)\times \frac{{{n}_{i}}-1}{{{n}_{i}}}$$

ti	Failure time	ni	R(ti)
1	10	20	0.95
2	32	19	0.90
3	56	17	0.847
4	98	16	0.794
5	122	14	0.737
6	181	11	0.670

Beyond 181 hours the reliability, R, is 0.607.

Step 5. Estimate CDF if desired

Recall F(t_i) = 1 – R (t_i)

---

Related:

Censored Data and CDF Plotting Points (article)

Confidence Limits (article)

Kruskal-Wallis Test (article)